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Preface vi What's New vi Tools for Understanding Art History viii Faculty and Student Resources for Art History xv Acknowledgements xvi Use Notes xix Starter Kit xx Introduction xxvi 1. PREHISTORIC ART IN EUROPE 1 THE STONE AGE 2 THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD 2 Shelter or Architecture? 2 Artifacts or Works of Art? 4 Cave Painting 6 THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD 11 Rock-Shelter Art 12 Architecture 13 Sculpture and Ceramics 19 FROM STONE TO METAL 20 The Bronze Age 20 The Proto-Historic Iron Age 21 IN PERSPECTIVE 22 TIMELINE 23 BOXES THE OBJECT SPEAKS Prehistoric Woman and Man 18 ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE Post-and-Lintel and Corbel Construction 14 TECHNIQUE Prehistoric Wall Painting 8 Fiber Arts 17 Pottery and Ceramics 20 ART AND ITS CONTEXT The Power of Naming 5 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY How Early Art Is Dated 13 2. ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 24 THE FERTILE CRESCENT AND MESOPOTAMIA 26 The First Cities 26 The Arts 28 SOUTHERN MESOPOTAMIA29 Sumer 29 Akkad 36 Lagash and Gudea 37 Babylon: Hammurabi's Code 37 THE HITTITES OF ANATOLIA 37 LATER MESOPOTAMIAN ART 40 Assyria 40 Neo-Babylonia 42 PERSIA42 Empire 42 Persepolis 42 Persian Coinage 45 IN PERSPECTIVE 46 TIMELINE 47 BOXES THE OBJECT SPEAKS The Code of Hammurabi 38 TECHNIQUE Cuneiform Writing 32 Textiles 44 Coining Money 46 ART AND ITS CONTEXT Art as Spoils of War-Protection or Theft? ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT 48 THE GIFT OF THE NILE 50 EARLY DYNASTIC EGYPT 50 Manetho's List 51 Religion and the State 51 Artistic Conventions 52 Funerary Architecture 55 THE OLD KINGDOM, c. 2575-2150 BCE 56 Architecture: The Pyramids at Giza 57 Sculpture 59 Tomb Decoration 62 THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, c.

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1640 BCE 62 Sculpture: Royal Portraits 63 Tomb Architecture and Funerary Objects 63 Town Planning 66 THE NEW KINGDOM, c. 1539-1075 BCE 67 The Great Temple Complexes 67 The Valley of the Kings and Queens 70 Akhenaten and the Art of the Amarna Period 72 The Return to Tradition: Tutankhamun and Rameses I 75 The Books of the Dead 78 LATE EGYPTIAN ART, c. 715-332 BCE 79 IN PERSPECTIVE 80 TIMELINE 81 BOXES THE OBJECT SPEAKS The Temples of Rameses II at Abu Simbel 76 ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE Mastaba to Pyramid 56 TECHNIQUE Preserving the Dead 55 Egyptian Painting and Sculpture 64 Glassmaking and Egyptian Faience 70 ART AND ITS CONTEXT Egyptian Symbols 52 Hieroglyphic, Hieratic, and Demotic Writing 78 4. AGEAN ART 82 THE BRONZE AGE IN THE AEGEAN 84 THE CYCLADIC ISLANDS 84 THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION ON CRETE 86 The Old Palace Period, c. 1900-1700 BCE 86 The New Palace Period, c. 1700-1450 BCE 89 THE MYCENAEAN (HELLADIC) CULTURE 95 Helladic Architecture 95 Metalwork 102 Sculpture 103 Ceramic Arts 104 IN PERSPECTIVE 104 TIMELINE 105 BOXES THE OBJECT SPEAKS The Lion Gate 100 TECHNIQUE Aegean Metalwork 93 ART AND ITS CONTEXT Pioneers of Aegean Archaeology 88 Homeric Greece 98 5. ART OF ANCIENT GREECE 106 THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK CIVILIZATION 108 Historical Background 108 Religious Beliefs and Sacred Places 109 Historical Divisions of Greek Art 111 GREEK ART FROM c.

600 BCE 112 The Geometric Period 112 The Orientalizing Period 114 THE ARCHAIC PERIOD, c. 600-480 BCE 114 Temple Architecture 117 Architectural Sculpture 119 Freestanding Sculpture 121 Vase Painting 125 THE CLASSICAL PERIOD, c.

480-323 BCE 128 The Canon of Polykleitos 128 The Art of the Early Classical Period, 480-450 BCE 129 THE HIGH CLASSICAL PERIOD, c. 450-400 BCE 135 The Acropolis 136 The Parthenon 136 The Propylaia and the Erechtheion 142 The Temple of Athena Nike 144 The Athenian Agora 145 Stele Sculpture 147 Paintings: Murals and Vases 148 THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD, c. 400-323 BCE 148 Architecture and Architectural Sculpture 149 Sculpture 151 The Art of the Goldsmith 155 Wall Painting and Mosaics 155 THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD, 323-31/30 BCE 156 The Corinthian Order in Hellenistic Architecture 158 Hell.

Shown within Exeter: Location Exeter, Country United Kingdom Website Architecture Functional status Active Previous cathedrals 2, Years built 1112-1400 Specifications Length 383 feet (117 m) Administration (since 1050) Clergy Exetor: Crediton: Plymouth: Assistant bishops: Laity Timothy Noon Timothy Parsons, Assistant Director of Music Exeter Cathedral, properly known as the Cathedral Church of Saint Peter at Exeter, is an, and the seat of the, in the of, in. The present building was complete by about 1400, and has several notable features, including an early set of, an and the longest uninterrupted in England. Detail of the vaulted ceiling The founding of the at, dedicated to, dates from 1050, when the seat of the of was transferred from because of a fear of sea-raids. A minster already existing within the town (and dedicated to and Saint Peter) was used by as his seat, but services were often held out of doors, close to the site of the present cathedral building. In 1107, a nephew of, was appointed to the see, and this was the catalyst for the building of a new cathedral in the style. Its official foundation was in 1133, during Warelwast's time, but it took many more years to complete.

Following the appointment of as bishop in 1258, the building was already recognized as outmoded, and it was rebuilt in the Decorated style, following the example of nearby. However, much of the Norman building was kept, including the two massive square towers and part of the walls. It was constructed entirely of local stone, including. The new cathedral was complete by about 1400, apart from the addition of the and.

Like most English cathedrals, suffered during the, but not as much as it would have done had it been a monastic foundation. Further damage was done during the, when the were destroyed. Following the restoration of, a new was built in the cathedral. Charles II's sister was baptised here in 1644. During the, some refurbishment was carried out.

As a boy, the composer Matthew Locke was trained in the choir of Exeter Cathedral, under Edward Gibbons, the brother of. His name can be found scribed into the stone organ 'screen'. During the, Exeter was one of the targets of a German air offensive against British cities of cultural and historical importance, which became known as the '. On 4 May 1942 an.

The cathedral sustained a direct hit by a large high-explosive bomb on the chapel of St James, completely demolishing it. The muniment room above, three bays of the aisle and two flying buttresses were also destroyed in the blast. The medieval wooden screen opposite the chapel was smashed into many pieces by the blast, but it has been reconstructed and restored. Many of the cathedral's most important artifacts, such as the ancient glass (including the great east window), the misericords, the bishop's throne, the Exeter Book, the ancient charters (of King Athelstan and Edward the Confessor) and other precious documents from the library had been removed in anticipation of such an attack.

The precious effigy of had been protected by sand bags. Subsequent repairs and the clearance of the area around the western end of the building uncovered portions of earlier structures, including remains of the city and of the original Norman cathedral.

Notable features Notable features of the interior include the misericords, the minstrels' gallery, the astronomical clock and the organ. Notable architectural features of the interior include the multi-ribbed ceiling and the compound piers in the nave arcade. The 18 metres (59 ft) high bishop's throne in the was made from Devon oak between 1312 and 1316; the nearby choir stalls were made by in the 1870s. The Great East Window contains much 14th-century glass, and there are over 400 ceiling bosses, one of which depicts the murder of. The bosses can be seen at the peak of the vaulted ceiling, joining the ribs together. Because there is no centre tower, Exeter Cathedral has the longest uninterrupted medieval vaulted ceiling in the world, at about 96 m (315 ft). The Minstrels' Gallery The in the nave dates to around 1360 and is unique in English cathedrals.

Its front is decorated with 12 carved and painted angels playing medieval musical instruments, including the, harp, trumpet, organ, guitar, and cymbals, with two others which are uncertain. Since the above list was compiled in 1921, research among musicologists has revised how some of the instruments are called in modern times. Using revised names, the list should now read from left to right, bagpipe, shawm, harp, Jew's Harp, trumpet, organ, recorder, tambourine, cymbols. Astronomical clock. The astronomical clock The is one of the group of famous 14th- to 16th-century to be found in the West of England. Others are at, and.

The main, lower, dial is the oldest part of the clock, dating from 1484. The 'hand' indicates the time (and the position of the sun in the sky) on a. The numbering consists of two sets of I-XII. The silver ball and inner dial shows both the age of the moon and its phase (using a rotating black shield to indicate the moon's phase). The upper dial, added in 1760, shows the minutes. The Latin phrase Pereunt et Imputantur, a favourite motto for clocks and, was written by the Latin poet.

It is usually translated as 'they perish and are reckoned to our account', referring to the hours that we spend, wisely or not. The original clockwork mechanism, much modified, repaired, and neglected until it was replaced in the early 20th century, can be seen on the floor below. The door below the clock has a round hole near its base. This was cut in the early 17th century to allow entry for the bishop's cat to deter vermin that were attracted to the animal fat used to lubricate the clock mechanism.

Si quis illum inde abstulerit eterne subiaceat maledictioni. (If any one removes this he shall be eternally cursed. So be it!) Curse written by Leofric on some of the books in his library The library began during the episcopate of (1050–72) who presented the cathedral with 66 books, only one of which remains in the library: this is the (Exeter Cathedral Library MS 3501) of Anglo-Saxon poetry. 16 others have survived and are in the, the Bodleian Library. A 10th-century manuscript of 's De Computo and 's De Natura Rerum may have belonged to Leofric also but the earliest record of it is in an inventory of 1327.

The inventory was compiled by the Sub-Dean, William de Braileghe, and 230 titles were listed. Service books were not included and a note at the end mentions many other books in French, English and Latin which were then considered worthless. In 1412-13 a new lectrinum was fitted out for the books by two carpenters working for 40 weeks.

Chammak challo dj remix song free download. Those books in need of repair were repaired and some were fitted with chains. A catalogue of the cathedral's books made in 1506 shows that the library furnished some 90 years earlier had 11 desks for books and records over 530 titles, of which more than a third are service books.

In 1566 the Dean and Chapter presented to Archbishop a manuscript of the Anglo-Saxon Gospels which had been given by Leofric; in 1602 81 manuscripts from the library were presented to Sir for the at Oxford. In 1657 under the Commonwealth the Cathedral was deprived of several of its ancillary buildings, including the reading room of 1412-13. Some books were lost but a large part of them were saved due to the efforts of Dr Robert Vilvaine, who had them transferred to St John's Hospital. At a later date he provided funds to convert the into a library, and the books were brought back. By 1752 it is thought the collection had grown considerably to some 5,000 volumes, to a large extent by benefactions.

In 1761, Dean of Exeter, describes it as having over 6,000 books and some good manuscripts. He describes the work which has been done to repair and list the contents of the manuscripts. At the same time the muniments and records had been cleaned and moved to a suitable muniment room. In 1820 the library was moved from the Lady Chapel to the Chapter House.

In the later 19th century two large collections were received by the Cathedral, and it was necessary to construct a new building to accommodate the whole library. The collections of and were together more than twice the size of the existing library, and was the architect of the new building on the site of the old cloister. During the 20th century the greater part of the library was transferred to rooms in the Bishop's Palace, while the remainder was kept in Pearson's cloister library. Today, there is a good collection of early medical books, part of which came in 1948 from the Exeter Medical Library (founded 1814), and part on permanent loan from the Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital (1300 volumes, 1965). The most beautiful manuscript in the library is a Psalter (MS.

3508) probably written for the Church of St Helen at in the early 13th century). The earliest printed book now in the library is represented by only a single leaf: this is Cicero's De officiis (Mainz: Fust and Schoeffer, 1465–66).

The South Tower where the 12 bells hang Both of the Cathedral's towers contain bells. The North Tower contains an 80 hundredweight (4 tonne) Bourdon Bell, called Peter. Peter used to swing but it is now only chimed. The South Tower contains the second heaviest peal of 12 bells hung for change ringing in the world, with a tenor weighing 72-2-2 (72 hundredweight, 2 quarters, 2 pounds, or 3684 kg). There are also two semitone bells in addition to the peal of 12. Clergy. – Very revd Jonathan Greener - since November 2017.

Canon Precentor – Vacant since March 2017 Acting Precentor - Rt Revd Martin Shaw. Canon Treasurer/Pastor – Vacant since May 2017.

Canon Missioner – Vacant since June 2017. Residentiary Canon - Revd Dr Mike Williams appointed November 2016. Residentiary Canon - Revd Becky Totterdell appointed April 2017. Curate - Revd Prof Morwenna Ludlow Ordained September 2016 Burials. Prest's wife and the Stonemason from an 1887 edition of One 19th century author claimed that an 11th-century asserted that, the previous century, had brought together a great collection of holy relics at Exeter Cathedral; sending out emissaries at great expense to the continent to acquire them. Amongst these items were said to be a little of the bush in which the Lord spoke to, and a bit of the candle which the angel of the Lord lit in Christ's tomb. According to the semi-legendary tale, the Protestant martyr, during her brief time of liberty in Exeter before her execution in 1557, met a stonemason repairing the statues at the Cathedral.

She stated that there was no use repairing their noses, since 'within a few days shall all lose their heads'. There is a memorial to her and another Protestant martyr, in the area of Exeter. The memorial was designed by and raised by public subscription in 1909.

Wildlife The tube web spider, notable for its iridescent shiny green fangs, can be found within the outer walls. The walls are made of calcareous stone, which decays from acidic pollution, to form cracks and crevices which the spider and other inhabit.

Music Organists. The 17th-century organ case (enlarged in 1891) The Cathedral organ stands on the ornate medieval screen, preserving the old classical distinction between and. The first organ was built by in 1665. There was a radical rebuild by in 1891, and again by in 1931. The largest pipes, the lower octave of the 32 ft Contra Violone, stand just inside the south. The organ has one of only three stops in the country (the others are in and London's ), housed in the, along with a chorus of. In January 2013 an extensive refurbishment began on the organ, undertaken by Harrison & Harrison.

The work consisted of an overhaul and a re-design of the internal layout of the soundboards and ranks of the organ pipes. In October 2014 the work was completed and the organ was re-assembled, save for the final voicing and tuning of the new instrument. See also.

Erskine et al. ^ The Cathedral Church of St Peter in Exeter.

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Printed leaflet distributed at the Cathedral. (2010). S C Carpenter (1943) Exeter Cathedral 1942. London: SPCK p. 1-2.

Cothren, Marilyn Stokstad Michael W. Art History Portable, Book 4 14th-17th Century Art (4th ed., Portable ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cothren, Marilyn Stokstad Michael W. Art History Portable, Book 4 14th-17th Century Art (4th ed., Portable ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Exeter Cathedral.

Archived from on 15 August 2010. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Addleshaw (1921) p. Prydein, American Celtic-Rock. Retrieved 17 December 2016. photos of the Minstrels Gallery. Edmonds (1899).

Report & Transactions of the Devonshire Association. 106: 36. (1901), (2nd ed.), Newport, Isle of Wight,. ^ Lloyd, L. (1967) The Library of Exeter Cathedral.

Exeter: University of Exeter. (1916). Cambridge: University Library.

P. 49 (footnote 3). Exeter Cathedral - Bells & Bellringers. Retrieved 28 July 2014. Retrieved 28 July 2014. The Rings of 12. Retrieved 28 July 2014.

www.digitalvirtue.com, Digital Virtue - w. Jusserand, J. (1891) English Wayfaring Life in the Middle Ages. Fisher Unwin; p. John Foxe (1887 republication), Book of Martyrs, Frederick Warne and Co, London and New York, pp.

242–44. Cornforth, David. Exeter Memories.

Retrieved 17 December 2011. Wild Devon The Magazine of the Devon Wildlife Trust, pages 4 to 7 Winter 2009 edition. ^. Archived from on 6 March 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.

Exeter Cathedral Website. Retrieved 14 October 2014. Exeter Cathedral website. Addleshaw, Percy (1921). Bell's Cathedrals: The Cathedral Church of Exeter (New and revised ed.). Bell & Sons, London. Online copy.

at. Erskine, Audrey; Hope, Vyvyan; Lloyd, John (1988). Exeter Cathedral - A Short History and Description.

Dean and Chapter of Exeter Cathedral. Further reading. Henry, Avril K.; Hulbert, Anna C. Universities of Essex – History Data Service. Retrieved 23 August 2010. Barlow, Frank, et al.

(1972) Leofric of Exeter: essays in commemoration of the foundation of Exeter Cathedral Library in A.D. 1072; by Frank Barlow, Kathleen M. Dexter, Audrey M. Exeter: University of Exeter. Orme, Nicholas (2009) Exeter Cathedral: the first thousand years, 400-1550. Exeter: Impress (a history of the successive churches on the site from Roman to early Tudor times) External links has media related to.